In the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, the winter cold changes a lot from one place to another. One winter in ten, it falls to about −7 °C on the Basque coast, −9 °C in the inland Basque Country and around Pau, −11 °C at the foot of the mountains and −15 °C in the mountains.
We went through thirty winters of Météo-France records, from 1996 to 2026, and compared them with the hardiness of each of our plants. Choose your area below. You will find:
- the citrus trees that spend the winter outdoors without protection;
- those that need a fleece on frosty nights;
- those that stay in a pot.
The lists are kept up to date: only the plants available today are shown with a photo.
- −5 °C or milder
- −6 to −7 °C
- −8 to −9 °C
- −10 to −11 °C
- −12 to −13 °C
- −14 to −15 °C
- −16 to −17 °C
- −18 to −19 °C
- −20 °C and colder
Colour: the cold of one winter in ten, on the plain. Click on a neighbouring département to see its page. Map of the whole of France.
Choose your area:
−7 °Cone winter in ten
Basque coast
Bayonne, Anglet, Biarritz, Bidart, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Ciboure, Hendaye
See the citrus trees for this area
The ocean softens the winters: −7 °C one winter in ten, −4 °C in an ordinary winter. Right by the sea, Socoa only falls to −5.9 °C one winter in ten: choose according to the nearest station. Orange trees, clementines, satsumas, yuzus, kumquats and citranges spend the winter outdoors here; lemon trees need a fleece on frosty nights, against a south-facing wall. Shelter them from the west winds and the salt spray.
Biarritz-Pays-Basque
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has anthroposol, ordinary brown soils and shallow chalky soils. In practice, the soil is often clayey and silty.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then FA5.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −7 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 65 available plants that withstand −7 °C
Sold out for now: 46 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Iyo Mikan Tangor, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mandalate Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, US SuperNa, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Yuzu, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −4 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −4 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−9 °Cone winter in ten
Inland Basque Country
Cambo-les-Bains, Ustaritz, Espelette, Bidache, Saint-Palais, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry
See the citrus trees for this area
The hills of the Labourd and Lower Navarre, with plenty of rain: −9 °C one winter in ten, −6 °C in an ordinary winter. The Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port basin is the coldest: −9.8 °C one winter in ten at Irouléguy. Satsumas, yuzus, kumquats, citranges and the hardiest clementines spend the winter outdoors here; orange trees and the other clementines with a fleece. Lemon trees stay in pots. The soils are mainly brown soils, sometimes clay and wet at the foot of slopes: plant on a mound if water lies.
Irouléguy
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, foot-of-slope soils and acid soils.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then FA5.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −9 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 38 available plants that withstand −9 °C
Sold out for now: 31 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −6 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Fukumoto Orange
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Fina Clementine
down to −8 °C · €29.75
-
Enzo Grapefruit
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Murcott Tangor
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Citradia
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Tavares Limequat
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Cara Cara Orange
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Glauca
down to −8 °C · €38.00
See all 27 available plants that withstand −6 °C
Sold out for now: 15 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hassaku, Iyo Mikan Tangor, Mandalate Mandarin, Moro Orange, Ota 38 Tangor, Salustiana Orange, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, US SuperNa, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −6 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−9 °Cone winter in ten
Pau and the Béarn of the gaves
Pau, Lescar, Morlaàs, Lembeye, Orthez, Salies-de-Béarn, Mourenx, Monein
See the citrus trees for this area
The plains of the gaves (Pyrenean rivers) and the hillsides of the Béarn: −9 °C one winter in ten around Pau, −10 °C in the hollows of Bellocq or Pomps. Satsumas, yuzus, kumquats, citranges and the hardiest clementines spend the winter outdoors here; orange trees and the other clementines with a fleece, against a south-facing wall. Lemon trees stay in pots.
Pomps
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, veracrisol and waterlogged soils. In practice, the soil is often winter-wet.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then 4475.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −9 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 38 available plants that withstand −9 °C
Sold out for now: 31 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −6 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Fukumoto Orange
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Fina Clementine
down to −8 °C · €29.75
-
Enzo Grapefruit
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Murcott Tangor
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Citradia
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Tavares Limequat
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Cara Cara Orange
down to −8 °C · €35.00
-
Glauca
down to −8 °C · €38.00
See all 27 available plants that withstand −6 °C
Sold out for now: 15 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hassaku, Iyo Mikan Tangor, Mandalate Mandarin, Moro Orange, Ota 38 Tangor, Salustiana Orange, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, US SuperNa, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −6 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−11 °Cone winter in ten
Foothills and the Aspe and Ossau valleys
Nay, Bénéjacq, Asson, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Arudy, Laruns, Bedous, Accous
See the citrus trees for this area
At the foot of the mountains and in the Aspe and Ossau valleys: −11 °C one winter in ten, −7 °C in an ordinary winter. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors here; the other satsumas, kumquats, orange trees and the hardiest clementines need a fleece. Lemon trees and the other clementines stay in pots.
Laruns (Hourat)
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, river alluvium and waterlogged soils. In practice, the soil is often winter-wet and silty.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then 4475.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −11 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
See all 19 available plants that withstand −11 °C
Sold out for now: 12 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −8 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Kishu Kino Kuni Mandarin
down to −10 °C · €42.00
-
Welker Grapefruit
down to −10 °C · €35.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 38 available plants that withstand −8 °C
Sold out for now: 31 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Pucheng, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −8 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−15 °Cone winter in ten
Mountains
Lescun, Larrau, Sainte-Engrâce, Eaux-Bonnes
See the citrus trees for this area
The mountains: −15 °C one winter in ten and −18 °C recorded at Iraty in February 2012. At Lescun (907 m), the cold of one winter in ten already reaches −15 °C. Citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3 spend the winter outdoors here, only just: keep a fleece for them on the coldest nights. The other yuzus and the hardiest satsumas need a fleece at each frost; keep the other citrus trees in pots.
Larrau (Iraty)
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils and foot-of-slope soils. In practice, the soil is often winter-wet and acid.
Rootstock to favour: Poncirus.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −15 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −12 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Trivoss No. 1
down to −14 °C · €35.00
-
Citrangeremo
down to −14 °C · €29.75
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
-
Satsuma Owari FS
down to −12 °C · €42.00
See all 14 available plants that withstand −12 °C
Sold out for now: 9 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −12 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
Readings from the Météo-France stations (winters 1996-1997 to 2025-2026)
| Station | Altitude | Ordinary winter | One winter in ten | Record | Winters at −9 °C or below |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socoa | 21 m | −3 °C | −5.9 °C | −6.3 °C (1 March 2005) | 0 out of 30 |
| Biarritz-Pays-Basque | 71 m | −4.5 °C | −7.2 °C | −8.9 °C (25 December 2001) | 0 out of 30 |
| Cambo-Les-Bains | 71 m | −5 °C | −8.5 °C | −9.5 °C (12 February 2012) | 1 out of 30 |
| Espelette | 97 m | −5 °C | −8.5 °C | −9 °C (11 February 2012) | 1 out of 24 |
| Lembeye | 310 m | −5 °C | −8.5 °C | −10 °C (8 February 2012) | 2 out of 30 |
| Bidache | 45 m | −5.1 °C | −8 °C | −10 °C (12 February 2012) | 1 out of 29 |
| Monein | 241 m | −5.3 °C | −8.5 °C | −9.6 °C (12 February 2012) | 1 out of 26 |
| Lagor | 125 m | −5.8 °C | −8.5 °C | −9.1 °C (25 December 2001) | 1 out of 29 |
| Orthez | 96 m | −5.9 °C | −8.2 °C | −10.7 °C (12 February 2012) | 2 out of 30 |
| Aïcirits | 75 m | −6 °C | −9 °C | −10.1 °C (25 December 2001) | 3 out of 30 |
| Pau-Uzein | 183 m | −6 °C | −8.8 °C | −10.6 °C (11 February 2012) | 2 out of 30 |
| Bellocq | 49 m | −6 °C | −10 °C | −10.5 °C (12 February 2012) | 3 out of 22 |
| Banca | 253 m | −6.1 °C | −8.5 °C | −8.6 °C (12 February 2012) | 0 out of 20 |
| Mont-Disse | 156 m | −6.2 °C | −10 °C | −10.2 °C (25 December 2001) | 4 out of 23 |
| Saint-Gladie | 73 m | −6.3 °C | −9 °C | −11 °C (12 February 2012) | 4 out of 30 |
| Pomps | 130 m | −6.4 °C | −10.1 °C | −11.6 °C (12 February 2012) | 3 out of 30 |
| Bustince-Iriberry | 189 m | −6.5 °C | −9.6 °C | −10.1 °C (8 February 2012) | 2 out of 22 |
| Irouléguy | 229 m | −7 °C | −9.8 °C | −10.5 °C (8 February 2012) | 3 out of 21 |
| Laruns (Hourat) | 522 m | −7 °C | −11 °C | −13.5 °C (8 February 2012) | 7 out of 30 |
| Accous | 495 m | −7.2 °C | −10.5 °C | −12 °C (28 January 2005) | 4 out of 22 |
| Asson | 337 m | −7.2 °C | −10.9 °C | −11.3 °C (25 December 2001) | 5 out of 30 |
| Bénéjacq | 255 m | −7.5 °C | −11.5 °C | −12 °C (25 December 2001) | 6 out of 25 |
| Lescun | 907 m | −10 °C | −15 °C | −18 °C (8 February 2012) | 16 out of 22 |
| Iraty (Orgambide) | 1427 m | −11.8 °C | −15 °C | −17.5 °C (8 February 2012) | 15 out of 21 |
| Larrau (Iraty) | 1327 m | −12 °C | −16 °C | −18 °C (3 February 2012) | 20 out of 21 |
“Ordinary winter”: half of the winters go colder, the other half less cold. “One winter in ten”: this cold is reached or exceeded in about one winter in ten. Calculations by the Greffeur d'agrumes nursery.
How to read these figures
The hardiness given on our product pages is the cold that an adult, healthy and hardened citrus tree withstands during a short frost. We compare it with the cold that comes back about one winter in ten: a plant listed “without protection” withstands at least that cold. In harsher winters, about three in thirty, keep a winter fleece ready for the coldest nights.
Very harsh winters are still possible. In February 2012, Pau-Uzein fell to −10.6 °C and Lescun to −18 °C. At the end of December 2001, Biarritz-Pays-Basque recorded −8.9 °C. Such cold can burn the leaves or a few shoots of a citrus tree that is only just hardy enough. Wait for spring to see what grows back before pruning.
To understand what helps a tree get through frost, read Understanding citrus hardiness.
Our advice for the Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- Avoid hollows. Cold air flows down and collects at the bottom of valleys and in basins. The records show it: one winter in ten, Bellocq, on the banks of the gave (a Pyrenean river), falls to −10 °C while Orthez stays at −8.2 °C. Plant halfway up a slope or against a south-facing wall, never at the lowest point of the garden.
- Take care of drainage. Rainfall is heavy, especially in the Basque Country and at the foot of the Pyrenees. In heavy soil or if water lies in winter, plant on a mound.
- Choose the rootstock for your soil. Poncirus is the most cold-resistant: it is the right choice at the foot of the mountains. In acid soil, 4475 adapts well, in a large hole with improved soil; in chalky, dry soil, choose FA5. Our 5-step test helps you choose: Which rootstock should you choose?
- On the coast, shelter from the wind. The west winds and the salt spray burn the leaves. Conditions there are favourable: choose your citrus according to the cold at the nearest station.
- Plant in spring, once the frosts are over. The tree then has a whole season to take root before its first winter. From September onwards, no fertiliser and no pruning.
- Protect young plants on nights below −5 °C during the first years. Put the winter fleece on at each frost and take it off as soon as the frost stops.
- Mulch in summer only, against drought, without the straw touching the trunk. Pull it away from the foot of the tree at the end of autumn: moisture at the collar encourages phytophthora.
Frequently asked questions
Can I plant a lemon tree in the ground in Pau?
No. Lemon trees withstand about −5 °C, and Pau falls to −9 °C one winter in ten. Keep them in pots, brought in for the winter. On the Basque coast, at −7 °C one winter in ten, they can be grown in the ground with a fleece at each frost, against a south-facing wall. For a sour fruit in the ground, choose a yuzu or a hardy lemon substitute instead. You will find them in Lemons and lemon substitutes.
Which citrus trees withstand the cold best in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques?
On the coast, in the Basque Country and in the Béarn, satsumas, yuzus, kumquats and citranges spend the winter without protection. At the foot of the mountains, citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas still manage without it; the other satsumas and kumquats need a fleece. In the mountains, citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3, which withstand −15 °C, spend the winter outdoors, only just; the other yuzus (Yuzu 30, thornless, Tada Nishiki) and the hardiest satsumas can be tried there with a fleece at each frost. They are brought together in Hardy citrus.
What about orange trees and clementines?
They withstand −7 to −9 °C depending on the variety. On the Basque coast, they spend the winter outdoors without protection. In the inland Basque Country and in the Béarn, so do the hardiest clementines; orange trees and the other clementines can be grown with a fleece, sheltered by a south-facing wall. At the foot of the mountains, orange trees and the hardiest clementines can try it with a fleece; keep the other clementines in pots. In the mountains, keep them in pots.
My town is not listed: which area should I choose?
Take the nearest area at the same altitude, then compare with the nearest station in the table of readings. Take off about one degree for every 150 m of extra altitude, and one or two degrees if you are in a hollow.
These figures are guidelines. Your garden may be milder or colder than the nearest station. A question about your plot? Write to us.
Sources: Météo-France, daily basic climatological data (data.gouv.fr, Licence Ouverte 2.0); near the eastern border, also the Deutscher Wetterdienst (Datenlizenz Deutschland 2.0); towns, altitudes and boundaries: INSEE, IGN (Admin Express, RGE ALTI) and geo.api.gouv.fr (Licence Ouverte); soils: dominant soil map INRAE / Gis Sol (Licence Ouverte). Topsoil lime: LUCAS, European Commission, JRC (ESDAC, Ballabio et al. 2019).