In Haute-Vienne, the winter is harsh, and it is not always the high ground that freezes most: the valleys trap the cold air. One winter in ten, the cold falls to about −11 °C in Limoges, −12 °C around Saint-Junien and Bellac and in the Limousin mountains, and −13 °C in the south, towards Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche.
We went through thirty winters of Météo-France records, from 1996 to 2026, and compared them with the hardiness of each of our plants. Choose your area below. You will find:
- the citrus trees that spend the winter outdoors without protection;
- those that need a fleece on frosty nights;
- those that stay in a pot.
The lists are kept up to date: only the plants available today are shown with a photo.
- −5 °C or milder
- −6 to −7 °C
- −8 to −9 °C
- −10 to −11 °C
- −12 to −13 °C
- −14 to −15 °C
- −16 to −17 °C
- −18 to −19 °C
- −20 °C and colder
Colour: the cold of one winter in ten, on the plain. Click on a neighbouring département to see its page. Map of the whole of France.
Choose your area:
−11 °Cone winter in ten
Limoges and its surroundings
Limoges, Panazol, Isle, Couzeix, Feytiat, Le Palais-sur-Vienne, Condat-sur-Vienne
See the citrus trees for this area
Limoges and its surroundings: −11 °C one winter in ten, −7 °C in an ordinary winter. Here, height is what protects: Bellegarde airport, at 402 m, stays at −9.6 °C, the city centre at −11.0 °C, and Le Palais-sur-Vienne, on the banks of the Vienne, falls to −13.6 °C. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors here; the other satsumas, kumquats, orange trees and the hardiest clementines with a fleece, against a south-facing wall. Lemon trees and the other clementines stay in pots. The soil is often acid.
Le Palais-sur-Vienne
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils and thin acid soils. In practice, the soil is often acid.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then 4475.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −11 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
See all 19 available plants that withstand −11 °C
Sold out for now: 12 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −8 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Kishu Kino Kuni Mandarin
down to −10 °C · €42.00
-
Welker Grapefruit
down to −10 °C · €35.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 38 available plants that withstand −8 °C
Sold out for now: 31 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Pucheng, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −8 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−12 °Cone winter in ten
Saint-Junien, Rochechouart and the Monts de Châlus
Saint-Junien, Rochechouart, Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre, Oradour-sur-Vayres, Cussac, Châlus, Saint-Mathieu
See the citrus trees for this area
The west, from Saint-Junien to the Monts de Châlus: −12 °C one winter in ten, −8 °C in an ordinary winter. Saint-Junien, Rochechouart and Châlus are close together, between −11.7 and −12.3 °C; Champagnac-la-Rivière, at 340 m, falls to −14.0 °C. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors; the other satsumas, kumquats and the hardiest clementines need a fleece. Orange trees, the other clementines and lemon trees stay in pots. The soil is sometimes wet in winter: avoid the low spots.
Champagnac-la-Rivière
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, soils waterlogged part of the year and thin acid soils. In practice, the soil is often winter-wet.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then 4475.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −12 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
-
Satsuma Owari FS
down to −12 °C · €42.00
See all 17 available plants that withstand −12 °C
Sold out for now: 11 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −9 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Shekwasha
down to −11 °C · €34.85
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 21 available plants that withstand −9 °C
Sold out for now: 20 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −9 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−12 °Cone winter in ten
Bellac and the Basse-Marche
Bellac, Le Dorat, Magnac-Laval, Châteauponsac, Mézières-sur-Issoire, Nantiat
See the citrus trees for this area
The north, from Bellac to the Basse-Marche: −12 °C one winter in ten, −8 °C in an ordinary winter. The four stations are close, from −12.1 °C at Nantiat to −12.5 °C at Le Dorat, but the great winters hit hard here: −18.9 °C at Le Dorat in February 2012. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors; the other satsumas, kumquats and the hardiest clementines with a fleece. Orange trees, the other clementines and lemon trees stay in pots. Plant against a south-facing wall, sheltered from the wind.
Le Dorat
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has silty soils, soils waterlogged part of the year and ordinary brown soils.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then FA5.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −12 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
-
Satsuma Owari FS
down to −12 °C · €42.00
See all 17 available plants that withstand −12 °C
Sold out for now: 11 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −9 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Shekwasha
down to −11 °C · €34.85
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 21 available plants that withstand −9 °C
Sold out for now: 20 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −9 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−12 °Cone winter in ten
Monts d'Ambazac, Saint-Léonard and the Limousin mountains
Ambazac, Saint-Sulpice-Laurière, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Bujaleuf, Eymoutiers, Peyrat-le-Château, Châteauneuf-la-Forêt
See the citrus trees for this area
The Monts d'Ambazac, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat and the Limousin mountains as far as the Lac de Vassivière: −12 °C one winter in ten, −9 °C in an ordinary winter. Altitude is not the worst: Eymoutiers, at 557 m, stays at −10.9 °C, while Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, at 346 m, falls to −13.6 °C. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors; the other satsumas, kumquats and the hardiest clementines with a fleece, on a well-exposed slope. Orange trees, the other clementines and lemon trees stay in pots. The soil is acid in places.
Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, acid soils and waterlogged soils. In practice, the soil is often acid.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then 4475.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −12 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
-
Satsuma Owari FS
down to −12 °C · €42.00
See all 17 available plants that withstand −12 °C
Sold out for now: 11 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −9 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Shekwasha
down to −11 °C · €34.85
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 21 available plants that withstand −9 °C
Sold out for now: 20 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −9 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−13 °Cone winter in ten
Saint-Yrieix, Nexon and Pierre-Buffière
Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, Nexon, Pierre-Buffière, Saint-Germain-les-Belles, Magnac-Bourg, Coussac-Bonneval
See the citrus trees for this area
The south, from Nexon to Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche and Pierre-Buffière: −13 °C one winter in ten, −9 °C in an ordinary winter, the coldest area of the département. Saint-Yrieix stays at −11.1 °C; Pierre-Buffière, at 326 m, falls to −13.5 °C and recorded −18.1 °C in February 2012. Citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3 spend the winter outdoors; satsumas, the other yuzus and kumquats with a fleece; orange trees, clementines and lemon trees stay in pots. The soil is often acid.
Pierre-Buffière
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has thin acid soils, ordinary brown soils and very thin soils over rock. In practice, the soil is often acid.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then FA5.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −13 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −10 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Ichang Lemon Shangyuan
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
-
US 119
down to −12 °C · €35.00
See all 27 available plants that withstand −10 °C
Sold out for now: 25 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Harumi, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −10 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
Readings from the Météo-France stations (winters 1996-1997 to 2025-2026)
| Station | Altitude | Ordinary winter | One winter in ten | Record | Winters at −9 °C or below |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limoges (town) | 252 m | −6.3 °C | −11 °C | −14.8 °C (6 February 2012) | 5 out of 25 |
| Limoges-Bellegarde | 402 m | −6.8 °C | −9.6 °C | −12.7 °C (8 February 2012) | 5 out of 30 |
| Magnac-Laval | 246 m | −7.4 °C | −12.2 °C | −18.6 °C (6 February 2012) | 11 out of 30 |
| Châlus | 403 m | −7.5 °C | −12 °C | −13.7 °C (9 February 2012) | 8 out of 30 |
| Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche | 404 m | −7.5 °C | −11.1 °C | −12.8 °C (9 February 2012) | 9 out of 30 |
| Rochechouart | 255 m | −7.5 °C | −12.3 °C | −16 °C (6 February 2012) | 9 out of 24 |
| Chéronnac | 295 m | −7.6 °C | −12 °C | −15 °C (12 February 2012) | 10 out of 30 |
| Saint-Junien | 271 m | −7.8 °C | −11.7 °C | −13.6 °C (6 February 2012) | 11 out of 30 |
| Le Dorat | 222 m | −8 °C | −12.5 °C | −18.9 °C (6 February 2012) | 10 out of 26 |
| Eymoutiers | 557 m | −8.1 °C | −10.9 °C | −12.9 °C (9 February 2012) | 8 out of 28 |
| Bussière-Boffy | 240 m | −8.2 °C | −12.5 °C | −16.3 °C (9 February 2012) | 10 out of 25 |
| Saint-Léger-la-Montagne | 664 m | −8.5 °C | −11.5 °C | −14.1 °C (12 February 2012) | 13 out of 28 |
| Nexon | 336 m | −8.6 °C | −12 °C | −14.3 °C (12 February 2012) | 14 out of 30 |
| Nantiat | 335 m | −8.7 °C | −12.1 °C | −16 °C (12 February 2012) | 15 out of 30 |
| Le Palais-sur-Vienne | 286 m | −8.8 °C | −13.6 °C | −19.7 °C (6 February 2012) | 14 out of 30 |
| Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat | 346 m | −8.9 °C | −13.6 °C | −17.8 °C (6 February 2012) | 10 out of 20 |
| Beaumont-du-Lac | 670 m | −9.2 °C | −12.6 °C | −15.6 °C (1 March 2005) | 16 out of 30 |
| Champagnac-la-Rivière | 340 m | −9.5 °C | −14 °C | −17.2 °C (9 February 2012) | 15 out of 24 |
| Pierre-Buffière | 326 m | −10 °C | −13.5 °C | −18.1 °C (6 February 2012) | 12 out of 22 |
| Saint-Germain-les-Belles | 418 m | −10.1 °C | −13 °C | −17.2 °C (6 February 2012) | 15 out of 20 |
“Ordinary winter”: half of the winters go colder, the other half less cold. “One winter in ten”: this cold is reached or exceeded in about one winter in ten. Calculations by the Greffeur d'agrumes nursery.
How to read these figures
The hardiness given on our product pages is the cold that an adult, healthy and hardened citrus tree withstands during a short frost. We compare it with the cold that comes back about one winter in ten: a plant listed “without protection” withstands at least that cold. In harsher winters, about three in thirty, keep a winter fleece ready for the coldest nights.
Very harsh winters are still possible. On 6 February 2012, Le Palais-sur-Vienne fell to −19.7 °C, Le Dorat to −18.9 °C and Pierre-Buffière to −18.1 °C; the centre of Limoges recorded −14.8 °C. Such cold can burn the leaves or a few shoots, or even more, on a citrus tree that is only just hardy enough. Wait for spring to see what grows back before pruning.
To understand what helps a tree get through frost, read Understanding citrus hardiness.
Our advice for Haute-Vienne
- Move up the slope. On clear nights, cold air flows down towards the Vienne and the streams. The records are clear: one winter in ten, Limoges-Bellegarde, at 402 m, stays at −9.6 °C, while Le Palais-sur-Vienne, on the riverbank, falls to −13.6 °C. A garden halfway up a slope, open to the south, is better than a sheltered valley bottom.
- Allow for acid soil. Around Limoges and in the south, the soil is often acid; in the mountains, it is in places. 4475 adapts to it, in a large hole with improved soil, with more water in summer. Poncirus remains the most cold-resistant. Our 5-step test helps you decide: Which rootstock should you choose?
- Drain the low spots. Where water lies in winter, plant on a mound: a dry collar is less at risk from phytophthora.
- Plant in spring, once the frosts are over: the tree has the whole warm season to settle in. From September onwards, no fertiliser and no pruning.
- Protect young plants on nights below −5 °C during the first years. Put the winter fleece on at each frost and take it off as soon as the frost stops.
- Mulch in summer only, against drought, without the straw touching the trunk. Pull it away from the foot of the tree at the end of autumn: moisture at the collar encourages phytophthora.
Frequently asked questions
Can a lemon tree spend the winter outdoors in Limoges?
No. Lemon trees withstand about −5 °C, and the centre of Limoges goes below that threshold 20 winters out of 25. Grow it in a pot, protected from frost in winter. For a sour fruit in the ground, the yuzu is much safer: see Lemons and lemon substitutes and Japanese citrus.
Which citrus trees do best in Haute-Vienne?
Citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3 spend the winter without protection throughout the département. The other yuzus (Yuzu 30, thornless, Tada Nishiki) and the hardiest satsumas also manage without it, except in the south, from Nexon to Saint-Yrieix, where they need a fleece. The other satsumas and kumquats can try the ground with a fleece everywhere. Find them in Hardy citrus.
What about orange trees and clementines?
They withstand −7 to −9 °C depending on the variety. In Limoges, orange trees and the hardiest clementines can be tried in the ground with a fleece, against a south-facing wall; in the west, the north and the hills, only the hardiest clementines. In the south, and for the others, keep them in pots, outdoors in summer and protected from frost in winter.
My town is not listed: which area should I choose?
Here, altitude matters less than position: look at the nearest station in the table of readings, then place your garden. At the bottom of a valley, take off two degrees or more; on a slope or an open shelf of flat ground, you will be closer to the figure for the area, or even a little above it.
These figures are guidelines. Your garden may be milder or colder than the nearest station. A question about your plot? Write to us.
Sources: Météo-France, daily basic climatological data (data.gouv.fr, Licence Ouverte 2.0); near the eastern border, also the Deutscher Wetterdienst (Datenlizenz Deutschland 2.0); towns, altitudes and boundaries: INSEE, IGN (Admin Express, RGE ALTI) and geo.api.gouv.fr (Licence Ouverte); soils: dominant soil map INRAE / Gis Sol (Licence Ouverte). Topsoil lime: LUCAS, European Commission, JRC (ESDAC, Ballabio et al. 2019).