In the Aude, the winter cold changes a lot from one place to another. One winter in ten, it falls to about −4 °C on the Narbonne coast, −8 °C in Carcassonne, the Corbières, the Minervois and the Lauragais, −11 °C in the upper Aude valley and −13 °C on the Sault plateau and in the Montagne Noire.
We went through thirty winters of Météo-France records, from 1996 to 2026, and compared them with the hardiness of each of our plants. Choose your area below. You will find:
- the citrus trees that spend the winter outdoors without protection;
- those that need a fleece on frosty nights;
- those that stay in a pot.
The lists are kept up to date: only the plants available today are shown with a photo.
Our nursery, in Lavernose-Lacasse (Haute-Garonne), is about 1 h 30 min from Carcassonne by road: collection is possible by appointment (Click & Collect).
- −5 °C or milder
- −6 to −7 °C
- −8 to −9 °C
- −10 to −11 °C
- −12 to −13 °C
- −14 to −15 °C
- −16 to −17 °C
- −18 to −19 °C
- −20 °C and colder
Colour: the cold of one winter in ten, on the plain. Click on a neighbouring département to see its page. Map of the whole of France.
Choose your area:
−4 °Cone winter in ten
Narbonne and the coast
Narbonne, Gruissan, Fleury, Sigean, Port-la-Nouvelle, Leucate
See the citrus trees for this area
The coast, softened by the sea and swept by the tramontane: −4 °C one winter in ten and −2 °C in an ordinary winter. Leucate only falls to −3.4 °C, Narbonne to −5.5 °C. All our citrus trees, lemon trees included, spend the winter outdoors here without protection; around Narbonne, keep a fleece for lemon trees on frosty nights. Choose them according to the cold in your garden and shelter them from the wind. The soil, often chalky, is sometimes salty near the lagoons.
Narbonne
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has chalky soils, sodisalisol and foot-of-slope soils. In practice, the soil is often chalky and salty (sea spray, marshes).
Rootstocks to favour: FA5, then C35.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −4 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 72 available plants that withstand −4 °C
Sold out for now: 46 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Iyo Mikan Tangor, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mandalate Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, US SuperNa, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Yuzu, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −1 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −1 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−8 °Cone winter in ten
Carcassonne, Corbières and Minervois
Carcassonne, Trèbes, Capendu, Lézignan-Corbières, Durban-Corbières, Caunes-Minervois, Ginestas, Argeliers
See the citrus trees for this area
The wine-growing plain and the hills of the Corbières and the Minervois: −8 °C one winter in ten and −5 °C in an ordinary winter. Orange trees, the hardiest clementines, satsumas, yuzus, kumquats and citranges spend the winter outdoors here; lemon trees and the other clementines need a fleece at each frost, against a south-facing wall. The soil is often chalky: in heavy soil, plant on a mound.
Mouthoumet
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has chalky soils, fersialsol and river alluvium. In practice, the soil is often chalky.
Rootstocks to favour: FA5, then C35.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −8 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 57 available plants that withstand −8 °C
Sold out for now: 43 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Yuzu, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −5 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Carvalhal Early Mandarin
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Star Ruby Grapefruit
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Bergamot Fantastico
down to −7 °C · €35.00
-
Tavares Limequat
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Early Clementine
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Moon Finger Lime
down to −7 °C · €41.00
-
Encore Mandarin
down to −7 °C · €35.00
-
Purple Finger Lime
down to −7 °C · €45.00
See all 15 available plants that withstand −5 °C
Sold out for now: 3 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Iyo Mikan Tangor, Mandalate Mandarin, US SuperNa.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −5 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−8 °Cone winter in ten
Lauragais, Razès and Kercorb
Castelnaudary, Bram, Fanjeaux, Alaigne, Belpech, Chalabre
See the citrus trees for this area
The hills of the west, more exposed to the wind: −8 °C one winter in ten and −5 °C in an ordinary winter. Castelnaudary falls a little lower, to −9.4 °C. Orange trees, the hardiest clementines, satsumas, yuzus, kumquats and citranges spend the winter outdoors here; lemon trees and the other clementines need a fleece, against a south-facing wall. The soil is chalky: plant on a mound.
Saint-Benoît
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has chalky soils, shallow chalky soils and river alluvium. In practice, the soil is often chalky.
Rootstocks to favour: FA5, then C35.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −8 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 57 available plants that withstand −8 °C
Sold out for now: 43 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Hana Yuzu, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Yuzu, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −5 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Carvalhal Early Mandarin
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Star Ruby Grapefruit
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Bergamot Fantastico
down to −7 °C · €35.00
-
Tavares Limequat
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Early Clementine
down to −7 °C · €29.75
-
Moon Finger Lime
down to −7 °C · €41.00
-
Encore Mandarin
down to −7 °C · €35.00
-
Purple Finger Lime
down to −7 °C · €45.00
See all 15 available plants that withstand −5 °C
Sold out for now: 3 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Iyo Mikan Tangor, Mandalate Mandarin, US SuperNa.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −5 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−11 °Cone winter in ten
Limouxin and the upper Aude valley
Limoux, Alet-les-Bains, Couiza, Espéraza, Quillan, Saint-Louis-et-Parahou
See the citrus trees for this area
The Aude valley above Limoux, colder than the plain: −11 °C one winter in ten and −7 °C in an ordinary winter. One winter in ten, Limoux falls to −10.5 °C and Saint-Louis-et-Parahou, at 684 m, to −12.0 °C. Citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas spend the winter outdoors here; the other satsumas, kumquats, orange trees and the hardiest clementines need a fleece, against a south-facing wall. Lemon trees and the other clementines stay in pots. The soil is often chalky: plant on a mound.
Saint-Louis-et-Parahou
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has chalky soils, river alluvium and very thin soils over rock. In practice, the soil is often chalky.
Rootstocks to favour: FA5, then Poncirus. Poncirus only if the active lime stays below about 5% (soil analysis).
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −11 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Yuzu 3
down to −15 °C · €38.00
-
Morton Citrange
down to −15 °C · €35.00
-
Clemyuz
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Eremorange
down to −12 °C · €35.00
See all 19 available plants that withstand −11 °C
Sold out for now: 12 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Hana Yuzu, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Thornless Yuzu, Yuzu.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −8 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma Miyagawa
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Kishu Kino Kuni Mandarin
down to −10 °C · €42.00
-
Welker Grapefruit
down to −10 °C · €35.00
-
Kinkoji
down to −10 °C · €38.00
-
Orisa 9 Tangor
down to −9 °C · €41.00
-
Yuko
down to −9 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
See all 38 available plants that withstand −8 °C
Sold out for now: 31 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Corsican Mountain Orange, Dom Joao Orange, Fragola Orange, Haruka, Harumi, Hassaku, Hyuganatsu, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Mapo Tangelo, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Moro Orange, Nameiwa Kumquat, Natsudaidai, Ota 38 Tangor, Rio Red Grapefruit, Salustiana Orange, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Pucheng, Sciara x Clem Blood Tangor, Seminole, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Ugli, Vaniglia Sanguigno Orange, Wekiwa Tangelolo, Z194 Ichangensis x Sinensis.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −8 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
−13 °Cone winter in ten
Pays de Sault and Montagne Noire
Belcaire, Espezel, Roquefeuil, Camurac, Les Martys, Lacombe, Fontiers-Cabardès
See the citrus trees for this area
The mountains, from the Sault plateau to the Montagne Noire, between 760 and 980 m: −13 °C one winter in ten and −9 °C in an ordinary winter; Belcaire falls to −14.3 °C. Citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3 spend the winter outdoors here; the other yuzus, satsumas and kumquats only cope with a fleece. The other citrus trees stay in pots. The soil is often acid.
Belcaire
The soil of the area and the rootstock
According to the soil map, this area mostly has ordinary brown soils, silty soils and chalky soils. In practice, the soil is often acid.
Rootstocks to favour: Poncirus, then FA5.
Your plot may be different. Look at the Géoportail soil map (in French) around your home, then refine with our 5-step test.
In open ground, without protection
They withstand −13 °C. In the first years, a fleece on nights below −5 °C is a sensible precaution.
In open ground, with a fleece on frosty nights
They withstand −10 °C. A winter fleece put on at each frost and removed as soon as the frost stops, and a sheltered spot against a south-facing wall.
-
Satsuma China S-2
down to −12 °C · €41.00
-
Ermelo Orange
down to −10 °C · €47.00
-
Changsha Mandarin
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Changshan Huyou
down to −11 °C · €38.00
-
Sudachi Seneca
down to −12 °C · €42.00
-
Ichang Lemon Shangyuan
down to −12 °C · €38.00
-
Fukushu Kumquat
down to −10 °C · €32.30
-
US 119
down to −12 °C · €35.00
See all 27 available plants that withstand −10 °C
Sold out for now: 25 other plants
On their page, “Notify me” lets you know when they are back: Ambersweet, Auline, Bendizao Mandarin, Corsican Mountain Orange, Harumi, Jabara, Juanita Mandarin, Kino Kuni Mikakukishu Mandarin, Meiwa Kumquat, Minneola, Nameiwa Kumquat, Rio Red Grapefruit, Sanbokan, Satsuma China S-3, Satsuma Dobashi Beni, Satsuma Iwasaki, Satsuma Kowano, Satsuma Louisiana, Satsuma Miho, Satsuma Pucheng, Satsuma Saigon, Satsuma Waze, Setubalense Mandarin, Shunkokan, Thornless Yuzu.
The others: in a pot, brought in for the winter
Lemons, limes and less hardy citrus (more tender than −10 °C): in a large pot, outdoors from spring to autumn and brought into a bright, frost-free room for the winter. All our citrus trees.
Readings from the Météo-France stations (winters 1996-1997 to 2025-2026)
| Station | Altitude | Ordinary winter | One winter in ten | Record | Winters at −9 °C or below |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leucate | 42 m | −0.8 °C | −3.4 °C | −5.8 °C (8 February 2012) | 0 out of 30 |
| Narbonne | 110 m | −2.7 °C | −5.5 °C | −8.1 °C (8 February 2012) | 0 out of 30 |
| Fanjeaux | 182 m | −4.4 °C | −8 °C | −10.3 °C (9 February 2012) | 1 out of 20 |
| Lézignan-Corbières | 60 m | −4.6 °C | −7.6 °C | −8.8 °C (29 December 2007) | 0 out of 30 |
| Carcassonne | 128 m | −4.7 °C | −7.5 °C | −9.1 °C (9 February 2012) | 1 out of 30 |
| Arquettes-en-Val | 240 m | −4.8 °C | −7.8 °C | −8.9 °C (8 February 2012) | 0 out of 30 |
| Caunes-Minervois | 371 m | −4.8 °C | −8.9 °C | −9.8 °C (12 February 2012) | 2 out of 30 |
| Alaigne | 293 m | −5.1 °C | −7 °C | −9.8 °C (9 February 2012) | 1 out of 29 |
| Villespassans | 219 m | −5.1 °C | −8.5 °C | −9.3 °C (8 February 2012) | 1 out of 23 |
| Mouthoumet | 538 m | −5.2 °C | −8.5 °C | −10.8 °C (8 February 2012) | 1 out of 30 |
| Argeliers | 31 m | −5.6 °C | −8.8 °C | −9 °C (27 February 2018) | 1 out of 30 |
| Castelnaudary | 160 m | −5.7 °C | −9.4 °C | −11.2 °C (9 February 2012) | 3 out of 29 |
| Durban-Corbières | 120 m | −6 °C | −7.6 °C | −8.5 °C (22 November 1998) | 0 out of 30 |
| Granès | 420 m | −6.4 °C | −10 °C | −10.8 °C (9 February 2012) | 4 out of 30 |
| Saint-Benoît | 601 m | −6.5 °C | −8.7 °C | −11.6 °C (8 February 2012) | 1 out of 21 |
| Limoux | 230 m | −7 °C | −10.5 °C | −11 °C (22 November 1998) | 7 out of 30 |
| Saint-Louis-et-Parahou | 684 m | −7 °C | −12 °C | −15 °C (1 March 2005) | 8 out of 24 |
| Villardebelle | 593 m | −7.3 °C | −11.6 °C | −12.2 °C (15 February 2010) | 4 out of 25 |
| Les Martys | 760 m | −8.7 °C | −11.8 °C | −14.8 °C (8 February 2012) | 14 out of 30 |
| Belcaire | 980 m | −9.3 °C | −14.3 °C | −15.6 °C (15 February 2010) | 17 out of 30 |
“Ordinary winter”: half of the winters go colder, the other half less cold. “One winter in ten”: this cold is reached or exceeded in about one winter in ten. Calculations by the Greffeur d'agrumes nursery.
How to read these figures
The hardiness given on our product pages is the cold that an adult, healthy and hardened citrus tree withstands during a short frost. We compare it with the cold that comes back about one winter in ten: a plant listed “without protection” withstands at least that cold. In harsher winters, about three in thirty, keep a winter fleece ready for the coldest nights.
Very harsh winters are still possible. In February 2012, Narbonne fell to −8.1 °C, Carcassonne to −9.1 °C and Castelnaudary to −11.2 °C. Such cold can burn the leaves or a few shoots of a citrus tree that is only just hardy enough. Wait for spring to see what grows back before pruning.
To understand what helps a tree get through frost, read Understanding citrus hardiness.
Our advice for the Aude
- On the coast, choose according to the cold in your garden. The coast is favoured: Leucate only falls to −3.4 °C one winter in ten. Narbonne, a little inland, falls to −5.5 °C. Lemon trees spend the winter in the ground there; around Narbonne, keep a fleece for them on frosty nights, against a south-facing wall.
- Shelter them from the wind. The tramontane dries out the leaves and makes frosty nights worse. Plant behind a hedge or a wall, sheltered from the north-west.
- Avoid hollows. Cold air flows down and collects at the bottom of valleys: in the upper Aude valley, Limoux falls to −10.5 °C one winter in ten, while Carcassonne stays at −7.5 °C. Plant halfway up a slope, never at the lowest point of the garden.
- In chalky or heavy soil, plant on a mound. The soil is often chalky throughout the département, except in the mountains. Poncirus is the most cold-resistant; in chalky, dry soil, FA5 does better. Our 5-step test helps you choose: Which rootstock should you choose?
- Plant in spring, once the frosts are over. The tree then has a whole season to take root before its first winter.
- Protect young plants on nights below −5 °C during the first years. Put the winter fleece on at each frost and take it off as soon as the frost stops.
- Mulch in summer only, against drought, without the straw touching the trunk. Pull it away from the foot of the tree at the end of autumn: moisture at the collar encourages phytophthora.
Frequently asked questions
Can I plant a lemon tree in the ground in Narbonne or Carcassonne?
Lemon trees withstand about −5 °C. On the coast, they spend the winter in the ground; in Narbonne, which is colder, keep a fleece for them at each frost. In Carcassonne, which falls to around −8 °C one winter in ten, they live in the ground with a fleece at each frost, against a south-facing wall. For a safer sour fruit, choose a yuzu or a hardy lemon substitute instead. You will find them in Lemons and lemon substitutes.
Which citrus trees withstand the cold best in the Aude?
On the plain, satsumas, yuzus, kumquats and several Japanese citrus spend the winter without protection. In the upper Aude valley, citranges, yuzus and the hardiest satsumas stay outdoors; the other satsumas and kumquats need a fleece there. On the Sault plateau and in the Montagne Noire, at −13 °C one winter in ten, only citranges, Yuzu and Yuzu 3 stay outdoors without protection; the other yuzus (Yuzu 30, thornless, Tada Nishiki), satsumas and kumquats live there with a fleece. They are brought together in Hardy citrus.
What about orange trees and clementines?
They withstand −7 to −9 °C depending on the variety. On the coast, they spend the winter outdoors. In Carcassonne, the Corbières, the Minervois and the Lauragais, orange trees and the hardiest clementines stay outdoors; the other clementines need a fleece at each frost, against a south-facing wall. In the upper Aude valley, orange trees and the hardiest clementines live with a fleece; the others stay in pots. In the mountains, keep them in pots.
My town is not listed: which area should I choose?
Take the nearest area at the same altitude, then compare with the nearest station in the table of readings. Take off about one degree for every 150 m of extra altitude, and one or two degrees if you are in a hollow.
These figures are guidelines. Your garden may be milder or colder than the nearest station. A question about your plot? Write to us.
Sources: Météo-France, daily basic climatological data (data.gouv.fr, Licence Ouverte 2.0); near the eastern border, also the Deutscher Wetterdienst (Datenlizenz Deutschland 2.0); towns, altitudes and boundaries: INSEE, IGN (Admin Express, RGE ALTI) and geo.api.gouv.fr (Licence Ouverte); soils: dominant soil map INRAE / Gis Sol (Licence Ouverte). Topsoil lime: LUCAS, European Commission, JRC (ESDAC, Ballabio et al. 2019).